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First published in 1918, has long been the largest and most authoritative Japanese-English dictionary. Translators, scholars, and specialists who use the Japanese language affectionately refer to this dictionary as the ''Green Goddess'' or (''GG'') because of its distinctive dark-green cover. The fifth edition of ''Kenkyūsha's New Japanese–English Dictionary'', published in 2003 (colloquially "GG5"), is a volume with almost 3,000 pages; it contains about 480,000 entries (including 130,000 Japanese headwords, 100,000 compound words, and 250,000 example phrases and sentences), nearly all of which are accompanied by English translations. The editors in chief of the fifth edition are Watanabe Toshiro, Edmund R. Skrzypczak, and Paul Snowden. Besides the print edition, the dictionary is also available on CD-ROM (EPWING format), online, and in electronic dictionary and iPhone versions. Electronic dictionaries that contain the fifth edition are generally flagship models. They include the Canon Wordtank G70,〔(Canon Wordtank G70 Review (with SR-E10000 comparison) ), Dec 17th, 2005〕 the Seiko SR-E10000 (the first electronic dictionary with GG) and SR-G10000, and the Casio "University Student" series (XD-D9800 in 2012)〔Casio model numbers change every year; models in the same "University Student" line, which contained the ''Kenkyūsha'', are XD-GP9600 (2007), XD-GP9700 (2008), XD-GF9800 (2009), XD-A9800 (2010), XD-B9800 (2011), and XD-D9800 (2012).〕 and "Professional" series (XD-D10000 in 2012).〔Casio model numbers change every year; models in the same "Professional" line, which contained the ''Kenkyūsha'', are XD-GF10000 (2009), XD-A10000 (2010), XD-B10000 (2011), and XD-D100000.〕〔(Casio releases 2010 line of Japanese Dictionaries ), Jan 19th, 2010〕 There is also a companion English-Japanese dictionary, currently in its 6th edition, which contains 260,000 headwords. ==History== In 1918, the publication of the first edition of ''Kenkyūsha's New Japanese–English Dictionary'', , named after the editor-in-chief, , was a landmark event in the field of lexicography in Japan. Completed in under five years with the assistance and support of leading scholars in the field, and published when was still a minor academic publishing company, the ''Takenobu'' was the most authoritative Japanese–English dictionary of the time, and cemented Kenkyūsha's reputation in the field of academic publishing. In 1931, ''Kenkyūsha'' undertook a major revision in the dictionary by expanding upon former entries and adding newer ones. The British diplomat George Sansom, who later became a renowned historian of Japan, was a major contributor and editor of this edition. Aside from the ever-evolving nature of the Japanese and English languages, competition from two other major dictionaries released in the 1920s – ''Takehara's Japanese–English Dictionary'' and ''Saitō's Japanese–English Dictionary'', both of which were larger than the first edition of ''Kenkyūsha's'' – was probably a major driving force behind these revisions (although new editions of these dictionaries were never released, allowing ''Kenkyūsha's'' to assert and maintain its dominance among Japanese–English dictionaries). From this second edition onward, the dictionary became known as ''Kenkyūsha's New Japanese–English Dictionary''. During World War II, reputable institutions in the United States and Great Britain, including Harvard University's Department of Far Eastern Languages, produced pirated versions of this dictionary for the war effort. Because of the Pacific War, ''Kenkyūsha'' did not revise the dictionary for almost 20 years until 1949, when it decided to incorporate the many new borrowings from English that resulted from the American occupation of Japan. After five years of revision, ''Kenkyūsha'' published its third edition in 1954. Beginning with this edition and continuing through the 1974 fourth edition, the editors attempted to make the dictionary into a more scholarly work by citing English language expressions from English texts, particularly from literature; this, however, resulted in clumsy, artificial-sounding Japanese and English. The editors abandoned this practice for the fifth edition, which has entries that sound more natural to both native-Japanese and native-English speakers. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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